What do Hofbauer cells do?
Function. They are believed to be a type of macrophage and are most likely involved in preventing the transmission of pathogens from the mother to the fetus (so-called vertical transmission).
Where are Hofbauer cells?
Hofbauer cells refer to a heterogeneous population of fetal macrophages that reside within the functional unit of the placenta known as the chorionic villus. Hofbauer cells can be detected within the connective tissue matrix of the placenta as early as 4 weeks post-conception and are present throughout pregnancy.
What is Cytotrophoblast and Syncytiotrophoblast?
“Cytotrophoblast” is the name given to both the inner layer of the trophoblast (also called layer of Langhans) or the cells that live there. It is interior to the syncytiotrophoblast and external to the wall of the blastocyst in a developing embryo.
What is a Battledore placenta?
Battledore placenta (Marginal cord insertion) is a condition in which the umbilical cord is inserted at or near the placental margin rather than in the center. The cord can be inserted as close to 2 cm from the edge of the placenta (velamentous cord insertion).
Can macrophages produce antibodies?
Macrophages can also mediate innate immune responses directly and make a crucial contribution to the effector phase of the adaptive immune response. B cells contribute to adaptive immunity by presenting peptides from antigens they have ingested and by secreting antibody.
What is the decidua basalis?
The maternal component of the placenta is known as the decidua basalis. Oxygen and nutrients in the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces diffuse through the walls of the villi and enter the fetal capillaries.
Where are syncytiotrophoblast found?
The syncytiotrophoblasts are a continuous, specialized layer of epithelial cells. They cover the entire surface of villous trees and are in direct contact with maternal blood.
What hormones does syncytiotrophoblast produce?
The syncytiotrophoblast produces both protein and steroid hormones which are released into the maternal blood (M). Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is aglycoprotein hormone synthesized in the rough ER (arows) of syncytiotrophoblasts immediately after implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall.
How common is Battledore placenta?
The incidence is 7% to 9% of singleton pregnancies and 24% to 33% in twin pregnancies. Complications associated with battledore placenta are preterm labor, fetal distress, and intrauterine growth restriction.