What are the 3 types of mycotoxins?
Types of mycotoxins
- Aflatoxin. Aflatoxins are produced by molds of Aspergillus species before harvest and in storage.
- Vomitoxin. Vomitoxin is the term for deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum before harvest.
- Zearalenone.
- Fumonisin.
- Ochratoxin.
What are mycotoxins examples?
The term ‘mycotoxin’ is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops. Examples of mycotoxins causing human and animal illness include aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and ergot alkaloids such as ergotamine.
Where does zearalenone come from?
Zearalenone naturally occurs in agricultural crops, particularly in maize. This mycotoxin could contaminate products made of barley, wheat, oats, rice, and sorghum. Given its prevalence and heat stability (up to 160°C) (Kuiper-Goodman et al., 1987), ZEA cannot be completely eradicated in the feed chain.
How many mycotoxins are there?
300 mycotoxins
Presently, over 300 mycotoxins have been identified and reported; however, only a few regularly contaminate food and animal feedstuffs. These are aflatoxins (AF), ochratoxins (OT), fumonisins, patulin, zearalenone (ZEA), and trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin [6,7].
Is Penicillin a mycotoxin?
Mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, the low molecular mass (MW ~700 Da) secondary metabolites mainly produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium are highly noxious substances on animals and humans. However, not all mycotoxin are classified as such, for example, Penicillin, is widely used an antibiotic (Speight, 2012).
What are the two types of mycotoxins?
Types of Mycotoxins
- Aflatoxins: Aflatoxins can occur in all regions across the globe as a result of changing weather patterns, agricultural practices and more.
- Other Aspergillus mycotoxins:
- Trichothecenes:
- Zearalenone:
- Fumonisins:
- Ochratoxins/Citrinin:
- Other Penicillium mycotoxins:
- Patulin:
What are mycotoxins in what popular food?
Mycotoxins appear in almost all kinds of animal feed and products such as wheat bran, noug cake, pea hulls, maize grain, milk and meat, and also human food such as cereal, fruit and vegetables, spice, etc. [5]. Consuming these foods creates serious health risks in human and all animal species.
What foods contain zearalenone?
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species. It is commonly found in maize but can be found also in other crops such as wheat, barley, sorghum and rye.
Are antibiotics mycotoxins?
While all mycotoxins are of fungal origin, not all toxic compounds produced by fungi are called mycotoxins. The target and the concentration of the metabolite are both important. Fungal products that are mainly toxic to bacteria (such as penicillin) are usually called antibiotics.
What do mycotoxins look like?
It is estimated that 25% of the world’s agriculture is contaminated with mycotoxins, often from aspergillus molds (3). These molds are often black on the surface and white-ish or yellow underneath. The most common mycotoxins found in food are aflotoxins, which are associated with aspergillus molds.
Is Penicillium Saprophytic?
Saprophytic species of Penicillium and Aspergillus are among the best-known representatives of the Eurotiales and live mainly on organic biodegradable substances. Commonly known in America as molds, they are among the main causes of food spoilage, especially species of subgenus Penicillium.