How do you overcome original antigenic sin?
Finally, we show that original antigenic sin can be overcome with a booster immunization with the same dose of the second influenza virus, FM1, without any adjuvant.
What is original antigenic sin in influenza?
The “original antigenic sin” (OAS) concept refers to the impact of the first influenza virus variant encounter on lifelong immunity. Although this model has been challenged since its discovery, past exposure, and likely one’s first exposure, clearly affects the epitopes targeted in subsequent responses.
What causes antigenic drift to occur in viral infections?
Infectious Diseases Antigenic drift: A subtle change in the surface glycoprotein (either hemagglutinin or neuraminidase) caused by a point mutation or deletion in the viral gene. This results in a new strain that requires yearly reformulation of the seasonal influenza vaccine.
What is meant by antigenic shift?
Another type of change is called “antigenic shift.” Shift is an abrupt, major change in a flu A virus, resulting in new HA and/or new HA and NA proteins in flu viruses that infect humans. Antigenic shift can result in a new flu A subtype.
Is drift or antigenic shift worse?
Because the genes in the resulting virus are dramatically different, this is called antigenic shift. Antigenic shift is more concerning than antigenic drift. Antigenic shift can produce a version of influenza virus that no person’s immune system has antibodies to protect against.
How long does antigenic shift occur?
While antigenic drifts occur almost annually, antigenic shifts occur at intervals of 10 years or more. Antigenic shifting is largely responsible for the ability of influenza to produce epidemics even in populations of persons who have previously been infected or immunized with influenza.
Does pandemic cause antigenic drift?
Type A viruses undergo both antigenic drift and shift and are the only flu viruses known to cause pandemics, while flu type B viruses change only by the more gradual process of antigenic drift.
Does antigenic shift caused pandemic?
Antigenic shift results in a new influenza A subtype that is so different from previous subtypes in humans that most people do not have immunity to the new virus. An antigenic shift can lead to a worldwide pandemic if the virus is efficiently transmitted from person to person.
How do we get antigenic shift?
Antigenic Shift Shift can happen if a flu virus from an animal population gains the ability to infect humans. Such animal-origin viruses can contain HA or HA/NA combinations that are different enough from human viruses that most people do not have immunity to the new (e.g., novel) virus.
Can antigenic shift happen in any virus?
What does H1N1 stand for?
by the third week of April it was established that the illness resulted from a triple recombination of human, avian, and swine influenza viruses; the virus has been found to be H1N1.—
What is the difference between antigenic shift and drift?
shift. Antigenic drift creates influenza viruses with slightly modified antigens, while antigenic shift generates viruses with entirely new antigens (shown in red). Source: Wikipedia Commons and USDA.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMTl3gU0mFc